A Beginner's Guide to the Industrial Revolution. [6], The first commercial telegraph system was installed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in May 1837 between Euston railway station and Camden Town in London. Machines greatly increased production. Ball and roller bearings also began being used in machinery. Transportation Effects: 1. Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution. The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought ironand hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. 2) European Imperialism | Causes Of The Industrial Revolution. [15] Other important steel productsalso made using the open hearth processwere steel cable, steel rod and sheet steel which enabled large, high-pressure boilers and high-tensile strength steel for machinery which enabled much more powerful engines, gears and axles than were previously possible. This led to what was called "railroad accounting", which was later adopted by steel and other industries, and eventually became modern accounting.[89]. A railroad required expertise available across the whole length of its trackage, to deal with daily crises, breakdowns and bad weather. Vassiliou, M. S. (2009). The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. Factory employees did not earn much, and the work was often dangerous. With World War I on the horizon by 1912, steel made it possible to build larger, stronger, and more powerful warships, tanks, and guns. Using the documents in this primary source set, students can create a timeline of important events in the Industrial Revolution. Other changes that helped bring about the Industrial Revolution included the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals. By the late 1940s, many of the assembly line factories of the First Industrial Revolution quickly evolved into fully automated factories. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line; it ended at the beginning of World War I. Liebig is considered the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient and went on to establish Liebig's Extract of Meat Company which produced the Oxo meat extract. By the middle of the 19th century there was a scientific understanding of chemistry and a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and by the last quarter of the century both of these sciences were near their present-day basic form. Edward Alfred Cowper developed the Cowper stove in 1857. [19] Rail became the dominant form of transport infrastructure throughout the industrialized world,[20] producing a steady decrease in the cost of shipping seen for the rest of the century.[18]. These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased international trade. The trend began during the first half of the 20th century when several European countries chose to convert basic sectors of their economies to collective or common ownership, a common characteristic of socialism. Belgium thus became the railway center of the region. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the All Red Line. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Hofmann headed a school of practical chemistry in London, under the style of the Royal College of Chemistry, introduced modern conventions for molecular modeling and taught Perkin who discovered the first synthetic dye. Improved versions were used to stabilize automatic tracking mechanisms of telescopes and to control speed of ship propellers and rudders. Stronger and cheaper to produce, steel soon replaced iron in the building industry. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas developed a more sophisticated process to eliminate the phosphorus from iron. French engineer Pierre-mile Martin was the first to take out a license for the Siemens furnace and apply it to the production of steel in 1865. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 31 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. [67][68] Control theory is the basis for process control, which is widely used in automation, particularly for process industries, and for controlling ships and airplanes. Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages into bigger towns and cities to find work in factories. 1) Capitalism. Test. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in For example, to calculate rates they needed to know the cost of a ton-mile of freight. [56] Dunlop's development of the pneumatic tyre arrived at a crucial time in the development of road transport and commercial production began in late 1890. In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railway companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth.
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