To achieve these tasks, cells employ signaling networks, which respond to the changing microenvironment after injury and activate the diverse plasma membrane repair mechanisms with precise control in time and space. Here the sugar (oligosaccharide) moiety faces the extracellular space interacting with other cells and extracellular ligands required for processes such as signaling, cell adhesion or intercellular interactions. Hall ED, Wang JA, Miller DM, Cebak JE, & Hill RL (2018). Accumulation of PS at the site of membrane injury allows it to act as a damage sensor, marking a key site for the recruitment of repair proteins such as annexins (Boye et al., 2017). Bookshelf These shortened sarcomeres induce a concomitant lengthening of adjacent sarcomeres and increased lateral strain to the plasma membrane. This is notable because it is hypothesized that a beneficial role of decreasing membrane fluidity is preventing the spread of harmful lipid hydroperoxides, which likely form in the oxidative environment near the site of injury (Braughler & Hall, 1992; Hall, Wang, Miller, Cebak, & Hill, 2018). Semin Cell Dev Biol. The variety of possible phospholipid interconversions, such as these, allows the cell to rapidly change the lipid composition of the plasma membrane. The .gov means its official. FOIA The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at, Lipids, plasma membrane, membrane injury, tissue repair. "Think of a . Saarikangas J, Zhao H, & Lappalainen P (2010). In mammalian cells the majority of cellular cholesterol is found in the plasma membrane, where it can make up to 50% of lipid content (Van Meer, Voelker, & Feigenson, 2008). While intracellular MG53 is a redox-sensitive protein capable of facilitating vesicle aggregation, it is proposed to have multiple functions during membrane repair. We have briefly discussed how such an integral role of lipids in plasma membrane repair also extends into tissue-level repair and restoration of organ function. Stem cells in animal models of regeneration. Johnson JL, Erickson JW, & Cerione RA (2012). Myofiber injury in zebrafish was found to cause rapid loss of PIP2, followed by restoration to pre-injury levels by 30 seconds post-injury (Middel et al., 2016). Analysis of Dysferlin Direct Interactions with Putative Repair Proteins Links Apoptotic Signaling to Ca. In this review, we will focus on the role of lipids during plasma membrane repair by discussing their functions as both structural and signaling molecules. Phospholipids can switch the GTPase substrate preference of a GTPase-activating protein, Ceramide selectively displaces cholesterol from ordered lipid domains (rafts) implications for lipid raft structure and function. Their localization and function in response to injury is controlled by the patterning of anionic lipids such as PS, which is present at the wound edge and is a known binding partner of annexins (Gerke, Creutz, & Moss, 2005). While much attention has been paid to the involvement of proteins in the membrane repair pathway, the role of lipids in facilitating plasma membrane repair remains poorly studied. Thus, caveolae may serve a signaling function during membrane repair (see Section 4). What happens when cell membrane is damaged? - Studybuff Sealing of transected neurites of rat B104 cells requires a diacylglycerol PKC-dependent pathway and a PKA-dependent pathway, Sezgin, Levental, Mayor, & Eggeling, 2017, Gauthier, Fardin, Roca-Cusachs, & Sheetz, 2011, Miyake, McNeil, Suzuki, Tsunoda, & Sugai, 2001, Skalman, Holst, Larsson, & Lundmark, 2018, Gazzerro, Sotgia, Bruno, Lisanti, & Minetti, 2010, Petersen, Chung, Nayebosadri, & Hansen, 2016, Lee, Kai, Carlson, Groves, & Hurley, 2015, Campelo, Fabrikant, McMahon, & Kozlov, 2010, Lamb, Harper, McKinney, Rzigalinski, & Ellis, 1997, Ligeti, Dagher, Hernandez, Koleske, & Settleman, 2004, Tran, Masedunskas, Weigert, & Ten Hagen, 2015, Godin, Vergen, Prakash, Pagano, & Hubmayr, 2011, Gurtner, Werner, Barrandon, & Longaker, 2008, Taverna, Nanney, Pollins, Sindona, & Caprioli, 2011, Nojima, Freeman, Gulbins, & Lentsch, 2015. Two-way traffic on the road to plasma membrane repair. The wounded cell can survive if a rapid repair respons Membrane Repair: Mechanisms and Pathophysiology Acid sphingomyelinase activity triggers microparticle release from glial cells. Cell damage. Similar benefits have been attributed to membrane stabilizing copolymers such as poloxamer 188, that improved repair after physiological mechanical injury (Plataki, Lee, Rasmussen, & Hubmayr, 2011), and injury to dystrophic cells (Houang et al., 2015; Yasuda et al., 2005). For example, Annexin 5 accumulates first to form a lattice structure, which provides a force opposing the tension at the wound edge (Bouter et al., 2011). Interestingly, several methods for PIP2 micro-domain formation may allow for this to occur after plasma membrane injury. See this image and copyright information in PMC. These membrane invaginations require the presence of caveolin proteins, loss of which can result in poor membrane repair and muscular dystrophy (Gazzerro, Sotgia, Bruno, Lisanti, & Minetti, 2010; Minetti et al., 1998). Plasma membrane repair in health and disease. Annexin-A5 assembled into two-dimensional arrays promotes cell membrane repair. Mechanochemical feedback control of dynamin independent endocytosis modulates membrane tension in adherent cells, Long-term Potentiation of Wound-induced Exocytosis and Plasma Membrane Repair Is Dependant on cAMP-response Element-mediated Transcription via a Protein Kinase C-and p38 MAPK-dependent Pathway. (2013). To regulate the composition of plasma membrane lipids, cells utilize vesicle trafficking, which can add lipids (by exocytosis) or remove lipids (by endocytosis) from the plasma membrane. Plasma membrane repair: Current Biology These lipids also exist at the boundary of lipid-ordered domains, such as lipid rafts, indicating that GTPases are targeted to these regions where protein accumulation at the membrane is common (Moissoglu et al., 2014), increasing their relative signaling capacity. Interestingly, as a result of caveolae flattening, EHD2 dissociates from the plasma membrane and translocates to the nucleus where it alters gene transcription (Torrino et al., 2018). What is cell membrane integrity? - Studybuff Epub 2008 Oct 9. The nanoclusters appear to form specifically at the boundary of ordered raft domains and disordered domains where signaling lipids such as PIP3 and PIP2 are found.
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